Ideas that Shaped the Constitution

I will discuss 3 main ideas regarding the Federalist Papers. The Federalist Papers wanted to protect the people as a whole, not Just individuals. Before the U. S. Constitution was formed, the leaders believed that a weak central government wouldn't have enough power to protect the rights of individual people. After the U. S. Constitution was created, the document called for a strong central government, one that would have power over the state governments and provide a unified authority on legislating, nforcing and judging laws. What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?The overall purpose of the Federalist Papers was to convince the people that a stronger centralized government would be more protective ot their rights. The Federalist papers were written to convince people to ratify the Constitution The papers discussed the unequivocal experience of the Incompetence of the federal government and the need for a stronger central government. They wanted the public to support the cons titution and get involved. Many leaders wanted a entralized government because they feared If the power remained In the states It would eventually tear the government apart.States fought with each other over power and they wanted the power to be centralized not at the states level. The States had more power than the government. Many far-sighted leaders realized that the self-interests of the states would eventually tear the union apart. and that the Articles of Confederation provided no legal or political means to stop it. States quarreled with one another over land claims, commerce regulations, and frequently rected imposts against neighboring states.Although strictly forbidden by the Articles, states established relations and treaties with foreign nations and refused to send much needed tax money to congress. Due to the difficult amendment process, attempts to endow congress with greater authority to tax and to regulate commerce could be stopped by the refusal of a single state. W ho was the attended audience? The original purpose ot the Federalist Papers was to elect Pro-constitution delegates to the New York state ratification convention.The proposed audience was the erchants of New York City, whose support was vital if the upstate Antifederalists were to be overpowered. This ettort ultimately tailed. Only nineteen Federalists were elected from New York City, while forty-six Antifederalists were elected from upstate, led by Governor George Clinton. The papers were printed In only a dozen papers Ideas tha mccantsr uC outs10e 0T New York, ana tnelr Innuence on tne overall vote was n the Articles of Confederation fail? The articles of confederation were written to oversee the 13 origin breaking away from Great Britain in 1776.The articles of confeder many reasons. The main reason was that the states had too much federal government weak. There was no one person in charge, the executive branch. Congress didn't have any power; decisions had all 13 states. Drafted during the years 1776 and 1777, while the c fighting for independence, the Articles of Confederation created a government with most of the governmental powers retained by th Articles provided no separation of branches. Congress, the legisla branch of government. When laws were presented, they required Congress voted as states not as individuals.The Articles of Confe written to govern the interaction of the thirteen original states aft independence from Great Britain in 1776. They proved to be ineff US Constitution was adopted to replace the Articles of Confederati an active government is critical to the protection of individual righ government under the Articles of Confederation was unable to eff individual rights because it did not act directly upon the people, a authority to enforce its laws. The Constitution requires that the pe are needed to ratify the document and decide whether they will t the framers or not.

The Papaer Java Test Questions and Answers

Gaddis – Starting Out With Java 5 – From Control Structures to Objects Chapter 06 – A First Look At Classes Multiple Choice 1. One or more objects may be created from a(n)_____. a. field b. class c. method d. instance ANS: B 2. Class objects normally have _____ that perform useful operations on their data, but primitive variables do not. a. fields b. instances c. methods d. relationships ANS: C 3. In the cookie cutter method: Think of the _____ as a cookie cutter and _____ as the cookies. a. object; classes b. class; objects c. class; fields d. field; methods ANS: B 4. A UML diagram does not contain _____. . class name b. methods c. fields d. object names ANS: D 5. An access specifier indicates how the class may be accessed. a. True b. False ANS: A 6. Data hiding, which means that critical data stored inside the object is protected from code outside the object is accomplished in Java by _____. a. using the public access specifier on the class methods b. using the private access specifier on the class methods c. using the private access specifier on the class definition d. using the private access specifier on the class fields ANS: D 7. For the following code, which statement is not true? ublic class Sphere { private double radius; public double x; private double y; private double z; } a. x is available to code that is written outside the Sphere class. b. radius is not available to code written outside the Sphere class. c. radius, x, y, and z are called members of the Sphere class. d. z is available to code that is written outside the Sphere class. ANS: D 8. Which of the following is not part of the method header? a. Method name b. Return type c. Access specifier d. Parameter variable declaration e. All of the above are parts of the method header ANS: E 9.A method that stores a value in a class’s field or in some other way changes the value of a field is known as a mutator method. a. True b. False ANS: A 10. You should not define a cl ass field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields _____. a. in order to avoid having stale data b. because it is redundant c. because it should be defined in another class d. in order to keep it current ANS: A 11. The following UML diagram entry means _____ + setHeight(h : double) : void a. this is a public field called Height and is a double data type b. this is a private method with no parameters and returns a double data type c. his is a private field called Height and is a double data type d. this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not return a value ANS: D 12. Instance methods should be declared static. a. True b. False ANS: B 13. Methods that operate on an object’s fields are called a. instance variables b. instance methods c. public methods d. private methods ANS: B 14. The scope of a private instance field is a. the instance methods of the same class b. inside the class, but not inside any method c. inside the parentheses of a method header d. the method in which they are defined ANS: A 15.A constructor is a method that is automatically called when an object is created. a. True b. False ANS: A 16. A constructor a. always accepts two arguments b. has return type of void c. has the same name as the class d. always has an access specifier of private ANS: C 17. Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field name is hidden by the name of a local or parameter variable. a. True b. False ANS: A 18. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, â€Å"Hello, World†? a. String str = â€Å"Hello, World†; b. string str = â€Å"Hello, World†; c. String str = new â€Å"Hello, World†; . str = â€Å"Hello, World†; ANS: A 19. Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as a. they have different return types b. they have different parameter lists c. they have different return types, but the same parameter list d. you cannot ha ve two methods with the same name ANS: B 20. Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed? public class Order { private int orderNum; private double orderAmount; private double orderDiscount; public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt, double orderDisc) { orderNum = orderNumber; orderAmount = orderAmt; rderDiscount = orderDisc; } } public class CustomerOrder { public static void main(String[] args) { int ordNum = 1234; double ordAmount = 580. 00; double discountPer = 0. 1; Order order; double finalAmount = order. orderAmount – order. orderAmount * order. orderDiscount; System. out. println(â€Å"Final order amount = $† + finalAmount); } } a. 528. 00 b. 580. 00 c. There is no value because the constructor has an error. d. There is no value because the object order has not been created. ANS: D 21. A class specifies the _____ and _____ that a particular type of object has. a. relationships; methods b. ields; object names c. field s; methods d. relationships; object names ANS: C 22. ____ refers to the combining of data and code into a single object. a. Data hiding b. Abstraction c. Object d. Encapsulation ANS: D 23. Another term for an object of a class is ____. a. access specifier b. instance c. member d. method ANS: B 24. In this book the general layout of a UML diagram is a box that is divided into three sections. The top section has the ____; the middle section holds ____; the bottom section holds ____. a. class name; fields; methods b. class name; object name; methods c. object name; fields; methods . object name; methods; fields ANS: A 25. The public access specifier for an field indicates that the field may not be accessed by statements outside the class. a. True b. False ANS: B 26. For the following code, which statement is not true? public class Circle { private double radius; public double x; private double y; } a. x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class. b. radius is not ava ilable to code written outside the Circle class. c. radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class. d. y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.ANS: D 27. It is common practice in object-oriented programming to make all of a class’s _____. a. methods private b. fields private c. fields public d. fields and methods public ANS: B 28. After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of a. brackets, [] b. paretheses, () c. braces, {} d. double quotes, â€Å"† ANS: C 29. A method that gets a value from a class’s field but does not change it is known as a mutator method. a. True b. False ANS: B 30. In UML diagrams, a ____ indicates the member is private and a _____ indicates the member is public. a. *; / b. ; @ c. –; + d. (); : ANS: C 31. In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a variable enter a. the variable name followed by the data type b. the variable name followed by a colon and the data type c. the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type d. the data type followed by the variable name ANS: B 32. Instance methods do not have the key word static in their headers. a. True b. False ANS: A 33. When an object is created, the fields associated with the object are called a. instance fields b. instance methods c. fixed fields d. class instancesANS: A 34. A constructor is a method that a. returns an object of the class. b. never receives any arguments. c. with the name (class name). constructor. d. performs initialization or setup operations. ANS: D 35. The term â€Å"default constructor† is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments. a. True b. False ANS: B 36. The scope of a public instance field is a. only the class in which it is defined b. inside the class, but not inside any method c. inside the parentheses of a method header d. the instance methods and methods outside the class ANS: D 37.When a local variable in an instance method has th e same name as an instance field, the instance field hides the local variable. a. True b. False ANS: B 38. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, â€Å"Hello, world†? A. String str = new String(â€Å"Hello, World†); B. String str = â€Å"Hello, world†; a. A b. B c. A and B d. Neither A or B ANS: C 39. Overloading means multiple methods in the same class a. have the same name, but different return types b. have different names, but the same parameter list c. have the same name, but different parameter lists d. perform the same function ANS: C

Brick and Mortat vs. Online Shopping Essay

Everyone has to shop one day for something. Individuals have the option to shop in the store or online, but it will depend on the person’s to how he/ she would like to purchase products. Article One from CNN I Report by More Life March 2009 Bricks and Mortar vs. Online Shopping Article Two from Ezine Article by Gary Palmer 2012 Comparing Online to Brick and Mortar Shopping There are times that a person is unable to physically go to a store to buy items. The convenience of shopping at home benefits both the consumer and the company. The company would not suffer in profit, if a customer is unable to leave home or is stuck at work. Providing customers with the option online keeps the customer shopping and the stores profiting. Provide customers with easy payment options online and at a brick-and-mortar, shop offers shoppers the flexibility to shop. No matter if you shop from home or in the store, you have the option of a using credit, debit cards, or a check for payment. There are not many people who carry cash, so having this option is a great convenience. Convenience and flexibility in shopping is the key to a happy customer. Now days, individuals can purchase medicine and food online. There are many mail-order pharmacies that will fill and re-fill prescriptions and mail to the patient’s home. Surprisingly, there are online grocery stores, such as Peapod and Swans, where shoppers can choose their items online and have their groceries shipped to the house. Most grocers will charge a fee to delivery, but this is another convenience. The problem with this is that the company may lose out on the extra profit made, because an actual shopper in the store will browse the store and pick up extra items. Brick-and-Mortar shopping allows consumers to feel, touch, and try on items before purchasing. According to the article by CNN â€Å"I Report†, mentions how the shopping has shifted from shopping for cars online. The bad part of the situation is that you cannot feel or touch the item before buying. The article also talks about return policies. If a shopper buys an item and it does not fit or is not the right color, the individual ends up being put out because h e/she needs to ship something back, may have to spend more to ship and items back, and loses valuable time  returning items that were not quite, what he/she expected. Return policies have flaws depending on if it is mail-order or in the store purchase. Purchasing something in the store allows for on-demand return, money back or store credit. You can even exchange for another item or a different size. Returning in the mail, could lead to some headaches with the return. Repacking, sometimes paying a return fee and getting to a shipper, then waiting on the reimbursement can be a little time consuming. In both ways of shopping, items can be returned, but for a price, whether it money or time. Overall the internet is there for the convenience of people. According to the article, â€Å"Palmer 20120†mentions talks about low overhead and there no need to use display space or storage cost. The bricks to Mortar stores, there are all type expenses from lighting, heating and air conditioning and gas usage. Also, there are maintenance and warehousing cost, to cut out shrinkage, where the bricks to mortar do not have that worry. The online tend to specialize in hard to find items not just only regular items. The retailers for brick to mortar can only house local on-demand items. Online stores can go from national markets to international markets for hard to find items. The convenience shopping online it is in the comfort of your home or wherever you can get the internet service. Once you complete your shopping, your shipping order can go to your home, office or wherever your requested it to be delivered. There are times that you might have to pay for shipping and other times the shipping is free, depending on the special discount that might be going on that companies use to lore people to their website. I personally love online shopping for myself because there are times that I cannot find what I want in the store. Shopping online gives me the opportunity to look and compare different items all at once. Also there are stores that only carry certain sizes online. Recently, coupons have become more popular online. According to the Consumer Report survey, Warehouses store online shopping for example BJ Sam’s and Costco Clubs. Membership they are not free rewards member who spend a $100 capped purchases, there are over 1000 locations. Check their return policies; BJ has 30 days where Costco return policies 90 days where Sam Clubs, 100 % guarantee in merchandise. Sam Clubs and Costco has the same return, polices, where BJ is for less liberal. Coupon BJ accept only where manufacturers coupon BJ has 24 hours feature sale online promotion deals.  Sam Clubs discount are deeper with online auctions for members only y bids starting at 1.00. The bottom line shopping at warehouse it down to the individual preference. According to the survey, the big box stores are top ranking is Costco by a narrow margin. In conclusion, when times are challenging with schedules, there still a distinct advantage held by the brick and mortar store, but the gap closing. Many people have lost their jobs due to the internet and advance technology. Household budgets are lower due to the economy, so buyers look for deals with online shopping and it is always open. Some people prefer not to shop online due to the security of their information.

Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline Essay

Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline - Essay Example The period saw the emergence of women organizations as the major platforms for social and political reforms. The role played by middle-class women in the society changed as more women began to participate in philanthropic or charitable causes, formed clubs, and emphasized the need for social and political reforms, and got involved in the suffrage movement. The business operation of farmers was significantly boosted since they had the requisite equipment. Better infrastructure opened up the markets, and improved standards of living meant that they had a ready demand There was increased advocacy against child labour in American, which resulted in significant decrease in the number of children working in factories. Childhood on western farms changed significantly with the promotion of family interdependence. Children were encouraged on self-reliance, adaptability, and responsibility In the wake of competition from immigrant workers who were willing to work longer hours and for lower wages, workers formed labour unions. He major reasons for organized labour unions was to give the workers the powers over controlling the pace of production, gaining improved working conditions, and protecting job

IIS Networking Infrastructure Design Project Research Paper

IIS Networking Infrastructure Design Project - Research Paper Example The rising globalization and the increasing competition in the business world have led the different companies in different industries to focus their business strategies into newer and innovative measures to attract greater number of customers and gain more profits. The study is based on such incorporation of new telecommunication and network infrastructure in the Intelligent Imaging Solutions Company. The company thus focuses on determination of a new solution that can be best suited to the organization’s requirements. Integrated security and advanced information technology (IT) system and the incorporation of optical fibers have been selected as a probable solution for the company’s new infrastructure. The report presents the business needs, the needs of the customers, the operations of the company, the applications of the new facilities, and the organizational benefits that are expected to be obtained from the use of the new technology. The details of the scope of the new solution have been reflected thus discussing about the protocols, the cable connections, security and other relevant details of the process. The details of the software and hardware facilities have been covered in the proposal as well. The probable process of pre- and post- installation processes and the network communication details have been obtained. Along with that the training schedules of the employees have been tried to be determined. A financial outline forecasting the required amounts of investments in the different areas of the project have been provided keeping in view the budget that the company has planned for investment in the concerned project.

International Perspective in Organisation Coursework

International Perspective in Organisation - Coursework Example Global justice has been regarded as an issue that has attracted concern among global justice scholars. One of the key concerns about this issue is the fair distribution of global resources and the role of global institutional order in light of global poverty. Corporations should be seen as agents of global justice and (David Held, 2002).A number of questions can be asked about this topic, have organization been successful in the promotion of global justice? What efforts are put by corporations to promote global justice? Some scholars regard corporations as secondary agents of justice in powerful states and can also act as the primary agents for states that are weak or that have failed. However, other scholars present different arguments about the issue of global justice with respect with corporations. Corporations and their business enterprises can bring benefits or can harm the BoP in different direct and indirect ways. For example, corporations bring direct and positive effects on the economies on nations that are developing by the transfer of both managerial and technical skills and knowledge ( Blake 2012). The Rawlsian theory also presents a different perspective on the role of corporations in the promotion of global justice called the dualism theory. This theory advocates for a social cooperation in which major institutions emerge into one system and the equality in the assignment of fundamental rights and duties. Firms can also contribute positively through the use of technology and also advancement of business infrastructure(Rugman and Doh 2008).Firms and corporations can also cause negative impacts on the BoP,for example this can happen directly when the members of the BoP are harmed by the corporation’s products or labour conditions.Indrect harm can occur when the operations and processes of a corporation cause harmful effects on the external environment such as air pollution, water table drainage or the

Smart Grids. What is the Buzz on Smart Grids Essay

Smart Grids. What is the Buzz on Smart Grids - Essay Example This essay examines prominent elements related to smart grid technology. There are a variety of ways that smart grids differ from the current electricity infrastructure in the United States. Perhaps the most overarching distinguishing feature between the current electricity infrastructure and smart grids is that smart grids use digital technology. This technology carries with it a many more potentialities than the current system. Another of the major elements that differentiate smart grids from current electricity infrastructure is the nature of information collection. The current electricity infrastructure lacks the ability to determine the specific contexts in which consumers use energy; smart grids have the ability to record this information, allowing for the development of more efficient energy sources. The smart grid would also aid service providers in determining peak periods of demand. This would allow them to more accurately raise prices during high demand periods and reduce prices during low demand times. While this technology aids service providers it can also potentially aid consumers target their peak energy uses, allowing them to more efficiently use energy. Another prominent element that differentiates smart grids from current electricity infrastructure is the ability for power companies to more accurately and efficiently determine the areas and causes of blackouts. There are a number of management, organization, and technology issues that should be considered when developing a smart grid. In terms of technology, one of the prominent considerations is from the consumer end with in-home displays. In-home displays are a significant consideration as they would greatly aid consumers in reducing their energy consumption and allow them to program devices more efficiently. Another important technological consideration is the development of a means of implementing alternative energy. This has already occurred in the Boulder, Colorado SmartGridCity project where consumers are able to save solar power and implement it at a later time. In terms of management and organizational elements the major consideration must be given to coordinating the project in such a way as to communicate to interested parties that such technology is not only effective, but also worth the expense. Management must also consider public perception in terms of privacy concerns. It’s noted that consumer advocate groups have questioned the Orwellian nature of the in-home monitoring devices. It follows that management will need to quell these concerns and brand the smart grids in a positive light. While there are a number of potential challenges to the implementation of smart grid technology, it’s clear that the greatest challenge will be convincing stakeholders of the financial viability of their implementation. This process involves the service providers, but also consumers and consumer advocate groups. Consider that consumer advocates have already v owed to fight against smart grids if they raise customer rates, particularly for customers who are unable to use the Web portals or at-home systems for monitoring energy use. While smart grids are specific to energy infrastructure, it’s clear other areas of infrastructure could benefit from smart technology. While to an extent they have already been implemented in this context, it’s clear smart technologies could be highly effective in terms of traffic systems. In these contexts smart technology could be used for elements such as regulating flows of traffic through managing traffic lights. In addition to traffic light regulation smart technology

Differences in competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differences in competencies - Essay Example These differences emerging can be clearly seen at various patient are situations for example variations in approaches to decision-making or nurse care. One patient care situation that brings out differences in nursing care among ADN and BSN nurses is cardiac care units. Baccalaureate nursing care approaches include altruism, values of autonomy, integrity, social justice, human dignity and unconditional regard for all patients. Their nursing practice include disease prevention, health promotion, early detection of human health deviation, quick and adequate treatment of chronic and acute illnesses as well as compassionate care for people nearing death. As a result of their training, BSN nurses are able to respond to more demanding patient care tasks like those witnessed in the cardiac care units. Johnson (1988) state that BSNs are associated with lower rates of failure-to-rescue and mortality rates. These can be attributed to their good nursing care approaches like quick and adequate t reatment of chronic and acute illnesses. Research conducted in various cardiac care units reveal that there were 4.9 fewer deaths for every 1000 patients in those hospital intensive care units (ICUs) where a large proportion of nurses had a bachelor’s degree (Van den Heede, 2009). ... These indicate higher level of clinical support among the BSNs compared to other types of nurses like the ADNs. An emphasis on compassionate care for patients indicate a higher level of promotion of human dignity among the BSN nurses. BSNs make a higher utilization of protocols or care maps in order to guide patient progress during their hospitalization period. This presents a scientific and more systematic nursing approaches among the BSN. In their efforts to maximize on patient autonomy and human dignity, BSNs emphasize on teaching patients on how skills for taking care of themselves in relation to their type of disease or medication, and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Emphasis on healthy lifestyles is an incorporation of prevention measures with treatment. It prevents the progression of the disease or emergence of other diseases that can worsen the present condition. Due to their level of education, the BSNs have a higher level of expertise as compared to the ADNs. It should be not ed that BSNs take four years to receive their Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree while the ADNs take 2-3 years to receive their degree. BSNs undertake their studies in universities and senior colleges whereas ADNs undertake their studies in community colleges. As a result of their levels of expertise, the BSNs are more competent case management as compared to ADNs. This is can also be linked to their high levels of scientific, critical-thinking and leadership skills. Due to the superior level of competency among the BSN, ADNs can work under BSN and but the BSN cannot work under the BSN. BSNs are more capacitated in working under a variety of inpatient and outpatient environments as compared to

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SITE VISIT PAPER Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SITE VISIT - Research Paper Example However, every coin has two sides, and EHRs have their positive and negative sides as well. When implementing EHRs, there are various issues that healthcare professionals should consider, some of which include medication reconciliation and safety. This paper addresses these three issues, medication reconciliation, safety and EHRs by reporting an interview with a pharmacy director who has practical knowledge on EHRs as a result of them being implemented and utilized in his hospital. From the interview, EHR involves the storage of patient data (health records) in an electronic form. This data is retrieved electronically using computers and hand held devices, such as tablets, iPads and iPhones. The pharmacy director informed that their organization implemented EHR system five years ago. Since EHR system is a new concept in the healthcare field, this organization can be considered a pioneer in EHR. The main aim of this interview activity was to identify the benefits that EHR is offering organizations that have successfully implemented it, and this part covers the rest of the interview questions. The interviewee summarized the benefits that their organization has realized from the implementation of EHRs as follows: improved efficiency in healthcare service delivery, reduced operational costs and hence reduced cost of healthcare services, improvement in clinical decision-making, improved health in the society and improvement in patient care including improved patient safety and equity (Menachemi and Collum, 2011). The interviewee noted that EHRs have enabled professionals in his organization to have complete, accurate and up-to-date information about patients, which helps in making crucial decisions. Additionally, in accordance with HealthIT (2014), the pharmacy director noted that EHRs have helped the organization to share

Kant V. Mill Essay Example for Free

Kant V. Mill Essay Kantianism and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the moral nature of human beings. Immanuel Kants moral system is based on a belief that reason is the final authority for morality. John Stuart Mills moral system is based on the theory known as utilitarianism, which is based upon utility, or doing what produces the greatest happiness. One of Kants lasting contributions to moral philosophy was his emphasis on the notion of respect for persons. He considers respect for persons (a. k. a the Kantian respect) to be the fundamental moral principle of ethical philosophy. His Kantianism premise is a deontological moral theory which claims that the right action in any given situation is determined by the categorical imperative, which he calls the Supreme Principle. This imperative is a command that applies to all rational beings independent of their desires. It is a command that reason tells us to follow no matter what (P. 31). Kant considers this an objective law of reason and because it applies to all of us, he calls it a universal practical law for all rational beings. The hypothetical imperative, on the contrary, is a conditional command, which we have reason to follow if (it) serve(s) some desire of ours (P. 31). For example, if you want X, then you will do Y, whereas with the categorical imperative, X has nothing to do with why you do Y. Kants categorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought. In order to determine the morality of the Hill case from Kants perspective, it is vital to understand the formulations that accompany the categorical imperative. Kant upheld systematic laws as the model of rational principles. A characteristic of systematic laws is that they are universal, such as the law that when heated, gas will expand. Kant thought that moral laws or principles must have universality to be rational. He derives the categorical imperative out of the notion that we should be willing to adopt those moral principle that can be universalized, that is, those which we can imagine that everyone could act upon or adopt as their principle. Thus, the first formulation of the categorical imperative is, Never act in such a way that I could not also will that my maxim should be a universal law (P.31). By maxim, he means the rule or principle on which you act. Consider the example Kant gives of giving a false promise. Making false promises is wrong and therefore could not be a universal law, because every rational being would not adopt this as a principle of action. In the Hill case, if Paul Hill kills the doctor than it is morally permissible for everyone else to kill someone they disagree with. Therefore, Hills actions were not justified, because killing cannot be a universal law. Kant also believes that human beings have unconditional worth. In his passage of, The Ultimate worth of Persons, he says: Now, I say, man and, in general, every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will. In all his actions, whether they are directed to himself or to other rational beings, he must always be regarded at the same time as an end. What we treat as having only a relative value as a means . . . are consequently called things. Rational beings, on the other hand, are called persons because their nature already marks them out as ends in themselves, that is, as something which ought not to be used merely as a means. Such a being is thus an object of respect and, so far, restricts all (arbitrary) choice. The practical imperative will therefore be as follows: Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own or in that of another, as an end and never as a means only (P. 32). According to Kant, as rational beings, we are self-directed beings. We experience ourselves and others as intrinsically valuable, as valuable as an end and not merely instrumentally valuable or valuable as a means to obtaining something. According to this second formulation of the categorical imperative, we should treat people with fundamental dignity and respect. For instance, it would be wrong to make false promises because we would be treating others as merely a means and not respecting them as persons with intrinsic value. In order to avoid misunderstanding Kant, it is crucial to distinguish between treating someone as a means to an end and treating them merely as a means to an end. In a complex network of social relationships, we use other people all the time as means to our ends without dehumanizing them. For instance, we use the services of certain people to deliver our newspapers, groceries, and mail. Students use professors as tools to become educated and earn degrees. By contrast, when you use someone merely as a means only, it is abusive and lacks respect for that person. The abuse of that person shows that you do not believe they have value apart from his or her immediate use. Kant believed that human beings occupy a special place in creation. Human beings have dignity, because they are rational agents, capable of making their own decisions and guiding their conduct by reason. Therefore, we have the duty of being good to all persons. In the Hill case, Paul cannot kill the doctor, because according to Kant, in virtue of being a person the doctor had rights, dignity, and intrinsic moral worth, as well as value. Hence, killing the doctor would be the wrong thing to do and through Kant that action is not morally justified, since the moral law demands that we treat others as ends in themselves, and never as mere means to other ends. In other words, you should always treat other rational beings (persons) as having absolute moral worth, or as the ultimate ends of action. ? This I will call the principle of autonomy of the will in contrast to all other principles which I accordingly count under heteronomy (P. 33). The moral will is the only truly autonomous will. Only by following the absolute dictates of reason (which is the source of will) do we arrive at the moral law, since will is a kind of reason, following the dictates of reason means following the dictates of will itself. Because we are subject only to the laws of our reason, he says, we are autonomous beings. And our autonomy gives us dignity and worth beyond all price. Due to our priceless dignity and worth, all persons are worthy of respect. An immoral will would not be autonomous since it would violate itself, the law it gives to itself. The immoral will is heteronomous. If you pursue ends that are not the ultimate ends (the absolute dignity of persons), your actions are ruled by something other than the true (rational) form of will. You might be ruled by passion, by desire, by the wish for happiness, etc. , but whatever it is, it is not self-rule by reason. Therefore, Paul cannot kill the doctor, because in doing so, he will be violating the inherent worth and dignity of persons. A rational being belongs to the realm of ends as a member when he gives universal laws in it while also himself subject to these laws? (P. 33) By this, I believe he means that Paul Hill cannot kill the doctor, because that will make him a hypocrite. He is strongly against abortion, which is the killing of the fetus who is a person from the moment of conception. Therefore, it is wrong for him to kill the doctor, because in doing so, he will be going against his own belief of taking life. Unlike Kant, John Stuart Mill believed in an ethical theory known as utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is another theory in which the main objective is to explain the nature of ethics and morality. There are many formulations to this theory. Utilitarianism is based upon utility, or doing what produces the greatest happiness. It states that the actions of a person should be based upon the greatest happiness principle. This principle states that ethical actions command the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Mills main point is that one should guide his or her judgments by what will give more pleasure. He believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and reject pain. So, the formulation is that the morality of an act can be held upright if the consequence produces the greatest overall utility for everyone who may be directly or indirectly affected by the action. Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of an act rather than on the intrinsic nature of the act or the motives of the agent. So Hills killing of the doctor is morally justified based on it bringing Hill pleasure and eliminating the pain he inflicted on the fetuses. Mill states that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others and that it would be absurd that while in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone. Therefore, if Paul kills the doctor, he only took away two lives (quantity), which is less than those that would have been lost if the doctor would have continued performing abortions (quantity). However, Mill states that doing ? as you would be done by and ? lov(ing) your neighbor as yourself constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality. He also says that the thoughts of the most virtuous man need not on these occasions travel beyond the particular persons concerned, except so far as is necessary to assure himself that he is not violating the rights, this is the legitimate and authorized expectations, of anyone else. Both of these statements do not justify Hills actions because he should have loved the doctor and he should not have violated the doctors rights. Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism both attempt to explain how one can go about acting ethically, however they differ in how they measure morality and in the use of rules. Kantianism says that an act is deemed moral if it is done for the sake of duty and if its maxim can be willed as a universal law. Kantianism can therefore be seen as a rational and logical theory in which decisions can be made. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, would only see the act as morally permissible if the consequences of that action produce maximum utility and happiness for all involved. Utilitarianism has no universal set of rules on to which morality is based. In assessing the two moral theories, I believe that Kantianism provides a more plausible account of ethics. Kantianism is more consistent of a theory and can be universally applied to all beings. It is more plausible because even if the consequences of performing an action are not necessarily the best, the agent is still obligated to perform the action because it is there duty to do so. Therefore, ethically and morally they are doing the right thing. In conclusion, this paper has discussed two main theories regarding the ethical behavior of human beings. Kantianism is a theory based on duties, maxims, willing and the categorical imperative. Also, it focuses on the motivation of actions, has clear and distinct set of universal rules, and is morally logical. On the other hand, Utilitarianism is based on the concept that we ought to do whatever produces the greatest overall utility and this will be the morally right action. Furthermore, it relies on the consequences of an action, has no set universal laws as each action is assessed on an individual basis, and morality is based on the results of the assessment. Because of these reasons, I believe that Kantianism is the more ethically plausible theory of the two.

Theoretical perspectives in the sociology of sport

Theoretical perspectives in the sociology of sport Social and cultural theories are often used when studying and applying knowledge to sports. The theories in society often provide a framework for asking research questions, interpreting information and being able to uncover the deeper meanings and stories that are associated with sports, they also enable citizens in the society to become more informed so that we can apply what we have learned from the research and being able to apply it in the world that we live in. Theories also enable people to see things in new angles and perspectives and give us the ability to make informed decisions about sports and how sports participation can be used in our lives, communities, families and societies. The six main theories used in sport have many points and can overlap with each other but only two are going to be discussed in this study. The two theories chosen to compare are functionalist theory and conflict theory. Functionalist theory is a macro sociological theory that is based on the characteristics of social patterns, structures, social systems and institutions such as family, education, religion, leisure, the economy, media, politics and sport. If all these social institutions are organized and co-operate with one another around a set of core values functionalist theorists assume that the entire social system will function properly and efficiently. Society in functionalism has a view that it is an organized system of interrelated parts that are held together by shared values and established social arrangements that help maintain the system in being in a state of equilibrium and balance. When sociologists use functionalist theory they split it into two parts, the first concept of interdependent parts is all of the social institutions (media, religion, sports, politics and economics) and how they are linked together. In the tradition of Talcott Parsons and his conception of functional imperatives (goal attainment, adaptation, latency and integration) functionalists argue that there are four basic system needs for any society in sports (team, clubs etc) to run smoothly and that everyone will benefit. The four principles are Adaptation In order to survive in a society it is essential that members learn to adapt to changes in the social structure and culture. Another important element to survival is the emphasis on being physically fit as it is required for most sports. Goal Attainment This is the motivation of individuals to achieve societys goals through socially accepted means. Sport is preoccupied with tracking the success and failures of its participants however it also teaches participants that if they work hard enough it will lead to victory meaning success. Integration Sport promotes social connections between people and gives them the opportunity to co-operate with each other in a group and a community. It also provides a feeling of social identification as well as a source of personal identity. The society must keep itself together. Latency (pattern maintenance and tension management) Each system must maintain itself in a possible state of equilibrium for as long as it can without any outside disruptive influences. Many forms of pattern maintenance are provided by sport primarily through participation where the participants are taught to accept an authority structure that is well defined for example athletes knowing that referees have the authority over them to make sure they stick to the rules of the sport. Functionalist theory in sport generally leads to the conclusion that it is popular in society because it can maintain the values of character that help to preserve stability and order in social life. Functionalist theory also supports sporting policies that help and recommend the growth of competitive sport programmes, developing coaching education programmes, in the case of youth sport there is an establishment on criminal bureau checks and qualification checks on coaches before working with younger children. The theory also supports the establishment of training centres for elite athletes so they can maintain their top-level performance and making sure to have increased surveillance and drug testing so they are able to supervise and control the actions of athletes by preventing those taking drugs so they cant cheat their way to attaining a better sporting performance. People in society who have positions of power tend to favour functionalist theory as it is based on the assumption that society is organised for benefiting the people in that society of equality and that in any dramatic way it should not be changed. While functionalist theory is a popular approach it does have some weaknesses. The weaknesses of functionalist theory is that it tends to lead to exaggerated accounts of positive consequences of sports and sports participation however it mistakenly assumes that there are no conflicts of interests between the different citizen groups in society such as women, people with disabilities, racial groups and people who are economically poor in society yet it doesnt recognise that sport can privilege or disadvantage people more than others. The theory also ignores the powerful historical and economic factors that have influenced social events and social relationships. Functionalist theory is centered on the idea that there is a consensus in the values and norms of society and that social institutions found within a society are integrated and function together. In contrast conflict theory looks at the role of power and the inequality found throughout society and how sport is shaped by these economic forces and used by people with economical power to increase their influence and wealth. Conflict theory is based on the ideas of Karl Marx (1818 1883) which rose to importance during the 1970s because of the growing disenchantment with functionalist theory. This theory of Karl Marx views sports as being built on the foundations of economic power. In societys that are capitalistic you see that relationships and social arrangements are organised around wealth, money and economic power for example in the United States its easy to point out the owners of the sport teams as they are benefiting financially from the expense of elite athletes, the coaches that work alongside the athletes and the spectators who watch the sport. Like functionalist theory conflict theory is based on the assumption that society is like a social system however conflict theory focuses on the needs of capital rather than the general system needs. Theorists of conflict theory explain that a society which is capitalist will not be able to survive and grow without exploiting any workers for the sake of boosting financial profits; they also suggest that if radical changes are to be concluded in sport and society by prevailing justice and fairness they need to identify the negative consequences that sport has. Once these changes are made sport will become a source of creative energy, expression and physical well-being. People who live in capitalist economies are generally not comfortable with the assumptions and conclusions of conflict theory because they say it has a negative effect and does not fit into their ideas about society and sport as they feel uneasy with the conclusions of calling for radical change in the current organisat ion and structure that they already have. Much of conflict theory is directed at sports which are dominated by spectators. Conflict theorists if they had the choice they would increase the control that athletes and other sporting participants have to promote sport at local community level so that it benefits all classes of people rather than just all elite athletes. Meaning the working class would have more influence of sport than the rich class giving them more motivation for participation and eliminating profits. Many conflict theorists favour players unions that confront pro-team owners and are supporting organisations that help to guard against public tax money being used to benefit wealthy people. Ideally any public resources would be used to help aid sponsoring sports that are designed to improve physical fitness, political awareness and include placing the element of fun into activities. Conflict theorists (Leonard 1980; Rigauer2004) would also campaign for athletes at all levels to have representation with making dec isions about sport in organisations so Olympians would be able to vote on policy questions that concerned the staging of the Olympic Games. Conflict theory also has three major weaknesses. The first weakness is that the theory tends to ignore the possibility that sport in capitalist societies can and may involve experiences that give individuals and groups power. Conflict theorists talk about how sport is organised to maximise the control that wealthy people have over other members in a capitalist society. The conflict theory approach doesnt acknowledge that sport can take many forms of serving interests in the have-not society and denies that any participation in sport can be a personal creative and liberating experience that will inspire members of society to make economic changes that will help to promote equality in exiting capitalist societies. Secondly conflict theory ignores the importance of race, ethnicity, gender, disability, age and many other factors when it comes to explaining how people want to identify themselves, how they relate to other members in the society and how they organise the social world in whi ch they live. Often its leading people to overlook the possibility that inequalities and power in any society are based on factors other than economic and social class differences. Thirdly the theory assumes that all aspects of social life are determined economically and is shaped by the needs of having capital in society and profit motive. Theorists of conflict theory focus on the assumptions that of economic factors when studying sport however they tend to overlook participation and recreational port for healthy living. Functionalist theory and conflict theory both focus on the needs of society and how sport can relate to the satisfaction of the system needs. The theories dont inform us about sport in everyday life and the ways in which people are active agents who are participating in the processes of sports and societies that are organised and changed. They both also ignore that sport and social constructions emerge in peoples everyday life when they struggle to decide what is important and how they are going to collect organisation in their lives.

Determining Macronutrients in Milk Powder

Determining Macronutrients in Milk Powder Stefan Dodunski Mustafa Intro: Proximate analysis, or Weende analysis, is the investigation of different macronutrients in food based on the scheme devised in 1860 by Henneberg and Stohmann in Germany. This analysis was originally devised to duplicate the digestion of animals where the extraction of fat was placed in an acid solution to replicate the acid in the stomach and further by alkaline digestion to replicate the environment in the small intestine. Further to this nitrogen, crude lipid, crude fibre and ash are determined chemically. The determination of crude protein is based and approximated on the nitrogen content. For this project proximate analysis was used to determine percentages of moisture, fat, protein and ash in food. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE), a term used to cover all other material present in the sample, is not measured by proximate analysis but calculated by subtracting from 100, the sum of the percentages of moisture, fat, protein, fibre and ash. NFE represents a rough estimate of soluble carbohydrate and all errors of various determinations are reflected in this calculation. In this experiment total carbohydrate is estimated by difference as many foods are low in fibre and the fraction is often disregarded (Food Chem. for Nutrition Laboratory Manual, 2015). The food industry is highly regulated by government protocols and international standards and policies which ensure appropriate quality control and supply chain management of food products. In order to ensure that food products meet these requirements food analysis of the composition and characteristics of the foods are mandatory. The entire supply chain is monitored and controlled, from raw ingredients, through to production and within the marketplace (Nielson, 2010). Proximate analysis is the general way of estimating food composition and is very adept at comparing foods for nutritive value, legal aspects and blending of various foods in industry. Though this is a general comparison it is not specific to determining a specific substance or compound within a food but only a general estimation of moisture, ash and macronutrients (except alcohol). The determination of a specific substance is called â€Å"ultimate† analysis and is not used in the food industry for general comparisons. Methods of proximate analysis are empirical and are more easily performed and if procedure is done with good precision, can be reproducible (Food Chem. for Nutrition Lab Manual, 2015). Moisture is normally considered to be the material lost by a foodstuff on heating at a temperature around that of boiling water or by allowing the sample to stand over a dehydrating agent or by some similar form of measurement. It is generally considered as water but is actually the total volatile matter lost under these particular conditions. The remaining residue is termed the total solid (Food Chem. for Nutrition Lab Manual, 2015). The moisture content of the samples were determined by using both air-oven method and vacuum-oven methods. The use of a variety of ovens in the food industry are a popular method with the opportunity for various amounts of samples that can be analysed concurrently (Nielson, 2010). However with less precision yields less accurate results as different types of ovens will produce different volumes of moisture. Vacuum ovens are less accurate than air fan forced oven as they have the least amount of variance of heat distributed throughout the oven The protein content of foods is often determined on the basis of total nitrogen content and the Kjeldahl method has been almost universally applied to determine the nitrogen content (Kavanagh, 1981). Nitrogen content is then multiplied by a factor to arrive at protein content. This approach is based on two assumptions: 1. the dietary carbs and fats do not contain nitrogen and 2. nearly all nitrogen in foods is present as amino acids. The factor is based on the ratio of nitrogen to protein on a specific food being analysed. The nitrogen is then used through a conversion factor to determine the amount of protein. In this experiment the conversion factor was 6.38 as milk products have a nitrogen content of 15.67%. During digestion H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), at high temperatures, is used to catalyse the reaction by oxidising the organic matter and combining any ammonium formed. After digestion NaOH is added to make the sample alkaline and distilled and the resulting NH3 in dissolved in bori c acid. The solution is then titrated with HCL which neutralises the ammonium borate and a colour change from green untill red can be seen. The Mojonnier method was used to determine crude fat. The method depends on the partition of the fat between an organic solvent and the aqueous phase. (Food Chem. And Nutrition Lab Manual, 2105). The principle behind this method is that fat is extracted by ethanol and diethyl ether. Petroleum decreases the solubility of the water during the ether phase and diethyl ether serves as a lipid solvent. Ammonium hydroxide and ethanol are also used. Ammonium hydroxide decreased the viscosity of the sample by neutralising the acidity and broke ionic and covalent bonds. Ethanol aids in separation of the ether water phase and prevents the milk form forming a gel. Milk powder and other dairy products need to undergo this process during fat removal due to their tightly bound lipids to proteins, and carbohydrates, making use of simple non-polar solvents inadequate (Neilson, 2010). The ash of a food is the inorganic residue remaining after the organic matter has been burnt away. The ash is representative of all the minerals contained within the powder sample although the inorganic constitutes changes drastically. Metal ions are oxidised to oxides or combined with negatively charged elements. The ash obtained is not necessarily the exact same composition as the mineral matter present in the original food as there may be losses due to volatilisation or some interactions between constitutes. Therefore ash is regarded as the general measure of quality (Food Chem. For Nutrition, 2015). Aim: The aim of this experiment is to determine the total moisture content, nitrogen and crude protein, crude fat and inorganic matter from a specific milk powder. Materials: Proximate 1: Pocket Refractometer Pal-1 by Atago made in Japan Air-Oven Catalogue 240 by Contherm Scientific Company made in New Zealand Burn off Furnace BWF 1100 by Carbolite made in the UK Analytical Balance Machine AE200 by Mettler made in America Electronic Moisture Analyser MA 150 by Sartorius made in Germany Vacuum Oven VOC-300SD by Eleya made in Japan Proximate 2: 2100 Kjeltec Distiller by Foss Analytical made in Denmark Tecator Digestion System by Foss Analytical made in Denmark SuperVario-N Centrifuge by Funke-Gerber made in Germany Analytical Balance Machine AE200 by Mettler made in America Model 330 Boiling Bath by Contherm Scientific Company made in New Zealand Results: References: Nielson, S. S. (2010). Food Analysis. (4th ed.). New York, USA: Springer Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=JM R91MDsiECpg=PA87dq=moisture+content+of+foodhl=ensa=Xei=qeCFUYyTG4aFiAfX 94GYBgsqi=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=moisture%20content%20of%20foodf =false Food Chemistry for Nutrition Laboratory Manual. (2015) 151.231 Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University: Palmerston North Kavanagh, F. (1981), Official methods of analysis of the AOAC, 13th ed. Edited by WILLIAM HORWITZ. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1111 N. 19th St., Arlington, VA 22209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.2600700437/abstract http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered_milk

Wellness :: essays research papers

My Own Health History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today I would say that I am physically healthy, but I could be more emotionally healthy. The reason I feel this way is because I am currently training for the Berea College track and field team. To do this I have to run times that are not easily attained. This is what causes me to be physically healthy. This is just one of many factors that I believe have influenced my physical health. Others include swimming, basketball, walking, cross-country, my own personal view of my self, and the way others view me. All of these factors have played a positive influence on my training habits and abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basketball has been a very large part of my life. It was the first sport I ever learned to play. When I was younger I would watch my older brothers and my uncles go the park and play. It was something I enjoyed doing. That has a lot to do with your health. If you can find something you love to do and can give you a workout then you can be considered healthy. Playing basketball made me better physically and mentally. As I grew older I started to play more, which put me in better shape. Finally by my freshman year I was playing for my high school. I learned the great skills as well as teamwork. This is an example of how sports develop a person mentally and physically. While playing basketball probably was the most enjoyable it did not put me in the best shape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have tried just about every sport in my life, but the two that I have been most successful at are swimming, and running. Running is the one I have decided to do in college, but I also love swimming. I started swimming when I was about two years old, but I did not start competitively swimming until the summer before my junior year. I trained daily when I joined my summer swim team after my best friend told me it would be good for the upcoming cross country season. After swimming I realized that it is a great way to learn controlled breathing, and to increase your VO2 max. It is also a great workout for your legs and arms. And the competition from swimming teaches sportsmanship, and punctuality. Swimming to me was a major part of my health and physical fitness my junior and senior year, but the biggest part was running cross-country and track and field.

Mount St. Helens :: Nature Volcanoes Eruptions Essays

Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is an active stratovalcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located 96 miles south of Seattle and 53 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. The mountain is part of the Cascade Range. It is most famous for a catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. That eruption was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. 57 people were killed, and 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. The eruption blew the top of the mountain off, reducing its summit from 9,677 feet to 8,364 feet in elevation and replacing it with a mile-wide horeshoeshaped crater. Like most of the other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. Helens is a great cone of rubble, consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Volcanic cones of this internal structure are called composite cones or stratovolcanoes. Mount St. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit; another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. These were destroyed in St. Helens' 1980 eruption. The first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens by Europeans was by Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery on May 19, 1792, while they were surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast from 1792 to 1794. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, Baron St. Helens on October 20, 1792. According to geological evidence, St. Helens started growth 37,600 years ago with dacite and andesite eruptions of pumice and ash. Mudflows were very significant forces in all of St. Helens' eruptive cycles. Starting around 2500 BC eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. This eruptive cycle lasted until about 1600 BC. After 400 years of inactivity, St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC. This cycle, which lasted until about 800 BC, is characterized by smaller volume eruptions. Mt. Saint Helens woke up on March 20, 1980, with a Richter magnitude 4 earthquake. Steam venting started on March 27. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain started to bulge.